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What are the effects of sulfate attack on concrete?
Sulfate attack is a major durability issue affecting concrete structures, particularly in environments with high sulfate concentrations such as seawater, groundwater, or industrial areas. When sulfates penetrate concrete, they react with hydration products like calcium hydroxide and tricalcium aluminate (C3A), forming expansive compounds such as gypsum and ettringite.
The primary effects of sulfate attack include:
1. Expansion and Cracking: The formation of ettringite causes internal pressure, leading to cracks and spalling.
2. Loss of Strength: Chemical reactions degrade the binding properties of cement paste, reducing compressive strength.
3. Surface Scaling: Concrete surfaces may flake or peel due to repeated sulfate exposure.
4. Increased Porosity: Sulfate reactions create voids, making concrete more permeable to further damage.
Preventive measures include using sulfate-resistant cement (Type V), low water-cement ratios, and pozzolanic additives like fly ash. Proper curing and protective coatings also enhance resistance. Understanding sulfate attack helps engineers design longer-lasting concrete structures in aggressive environments.
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